Basic Biographical Details

Name: Cullen, Lochhead & Brown
Designation:  
Born: January 1911
Died: After 2005
Bio Notes: After Alexander Cullen died on 21 January 1911, the practice of Alex Cullen, Lochhead & Brown became Cullen, Lochhead & Brown, dropping Cullen's forename. The practice's main office was at Brandon Chambers, Hamilton, which had been designed for the purpose by Cullen in 1898-99. Of the remaining partners, James Lochhead had been born in 1870 in Johnstone, the son of J Lochhead, a furniture dealer in Hope Street, Ayr, and had been educated at Ayr Grammar School and subsequently Ayr Academy. He had served his articles with Allan Stevenson of Ayr from 1884, remaining as an assistant until 1891. He had then moved to become chief draughtsman in the practice of Henry Higgins of Glasgow, attending classes at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College where he had received the Bronze Medal in Building Construction in 1892 and had been a Queen's Prizeman in Architecture and Architectural Design in 1893. In the latter year he had entered the Office of Public Works in Glasgow whilst continuing his studies, and in 1894-98 he had acted as assistant lecturer to Professor Gourlay in the Architectural Classes at the College. He had passed the qualifying exam to become ARIBA on 11 June 1894, his proposers being John Honeyman, Campbell Douglas and Thomas Lennox Watson. He had joined Cullen's practice as chief draughtsman and prospective partner in 1898. The other partner, William Brown, had been born in 1873 and had been articled to Cullen in 1888, attending technical and art classes at Hamilton Academy from 1889 to 1894, and had remained as assistant after completing his apprenticeship. Lochhead and Brown had been taken into partnership on 24 June 1902, Brown being put in charge of the Motherwell office at 4 Clyde Street.

After Lochhead's arrival the work of the practice had become extremely accomplished Edwardian Baroque and classical. Initially the practice name had remained as Alex Cullen; it had won the major competition for Hamilton Municipal Buildings in 1903, and a Glasgow office had been established at Atlantic Chambers in Hope Street to supervise the Western District Hospital, a by-product of the competition for the Eastern District Hospital in which Cullen and Lochhead had been placed first but had not received the commission. It was not until 1908 that the practice had become Alex Cullen, Lochhead & Brown.

At the time of Cullen's death, his youngest son, Alexander Cullen Junior (born 1892), was only in the first year of his apprenticeship with the practice. Brown remained in charge of the Motherwell office and Lochhead took over the management of both the Hamilton and the Glasgow offices.

Lochhead was active in public life. In 1896 he became the first President of the Royal Technical College (Glasgow) Craftsman's Society; he also served as President of Hamilton Arts & Crafts Society for two years, and was President of the Glasgow Architectural Association from 1906 to 1907. He wrote many articles and delivered numerous papers to these societies as well as to the Edinburgh Architectural Association, Glasgow Philosophical Society, Glasgow Scientific Society and Ayr Sketch Club.

Brown was admitted LRIBA on 20 March 1911, his proposers being George Gunn, Lochhead and James Davidson. Two months later Lochhead was admitted FRIBA, his proposers being James Archibald Morris of Ayr, John Bennie Wilson and James Milne Monro of Glasgow. Brown was admitted FRIBA in early 1921, proposed by Lochhead, Davidson and William Brown Whitie. By that date Alexander Cullen Junior had returned to the practice as an assistant after war service, but in 1922 Lochhead & Brown appear to have indicated to him that he would not be offered a partnership as he left to commence practice in Hamilton in competition with them on 1 January 1923. Lochhead and Brown's choice fell instead on the younger Lockhart Whiteford Hutson, who had been articled to Cullen, Lochhead & Brown in 1912, and the firm's older chief assistant, Thomas Spiers Fraser, who had been with the practice in that capacity since 1911. They were taken into partnership in 1925, but Fraser left only five years later to practise in Hamilton on his own account from 1930. Brown retired in 1931. Hutson was still with the firm in 1940 when he was admitted FRIBA, proposed by the RIBA Council. By that time the Hamilton office had moved to 119 Cadzow Street. Lochhead remained senior partner until his death in 1942. Hutson then became sole partner and remained so until Stuart C Clink was taken into partnership in 1946.

Further partners joined the practice in the 1960s and 70s - George H E Hall in 1956, James G Anderson in 1973 and John McM Walker in 1988.

In the RIBA Directory of Practices of 1981 the firm are noted as Consultants to DAER and the Loch Lomond Water Schemes. They also drew up reports on fire precautions and prepared the Fore Spread Programmes in various schools for Strathclyde Regional Council. They had undertaken various house modernisation projects for Hamilton and Motherwell District Councils.

Private and Business Addresses

The following private or business addresses are associated with this :
 AddressTypeDate fromDate toNotes
Item 1 of 74, Clyde Street, Motherwell, Lanarkshire, ScotlandBusiness1911After 1920 
Item 2 of 7Glasgow, ScotlandBusinessJanuary 1911  
Item 3 of 7Brandon Chambers, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, ScotlandBusinessBefore 1911c. 1927Main office
Item 4 of 7119, Cadzow Street, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, ScotlandBusinessc. 1927After 1953 
Item 5 of 7115, Cadzow Street, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, ScotlandBusinessc. 1928  
Item 6 of 710, Auchingramont Road, Hamilton, LanarkshireBusiness1960After 1975 
Item 7 of 729, Park Circus, Glasgow, ScotlandBusiness1970 *After 1975 

* earliest date known from documented sources.

Employment and Training

Employees or Pupils

The following individuals were employed or trained by this (click on an item to view details):
 NameDate fromDate toPositionNotes
Item 1 of 32Hugh Dykes SimpsonJanuary 1911After 1911Assistant 
Item 2 of 32Alexander MairJanuary 19111912Assistant 
Item 3 of 32William Mair BishopJanuary 1911After 1912Senior Assistant 
Item 4 of 32James McLellan BrownJanuary 19111914Assistant 
Item 5 of 32Alexander Cullen (junior)January 1911March 1915Apprentice 
Item 6 of 32Thomas Spiers FraserJanuary 19111925Chief Assistant 
Item 7 of 32William BrownJanuary 19111931Partner 
Item 8 of 32James LochheadJanuary 19111942Partner 
Item 9 of 32William Fraser1912 Apprentice 
Item 10 of 32Joseph Wilson19121912 or 1913Draughtsman 
Item 11 of 32Walter AlisonJuly 1912April 1915Draughtsman 
Item 12 of 32Lockhart Whiteford Hutson19131916Apprentice 
Item 13 of 32James Donald FergusonJune 1913October 1915Apprentice 
Item 14 of 32(Captain) Arthur James Scott HuttonMid 1913Mid 1913Assistantin Hamilton office, during summer vacation
Item 15 of 32Robert Frater19151915Chief Assistant 
Item 16 of 32Lockhart Whiteford Hutson1919c. 1920Apprentice 
Item 17 of 32Alexander Cullen (junior)19191922Assistant 
Item 18 of 32Lockhart Whiteford Hutsonc. 19201925(?)Assistant 
Item 19 of 32John Donaldson19211925Assistant 
Item 20 of 32Thomas Spiers Fraser19251930Partner 
Item 21 of 32Lockhart Whiteford Hutson1925After 1970Partner 
Item 22 of 32John Jeffrey19271928Assistant 
Item 23 of 32James MaitlandApril 1927September 1927Assistant 
Item 24 of 32John NicolSeptember 1932 Apprentice 
Item 25 of 32James Murie Henderson19361938Assistant 
Item 26 of 32Thomas George LowFebruary 1940June 1940Assistant 
Item 27 of 32Stuart Clink1946After 1979PartnerConsultant after 1978.
Item 28 of 32George Harold Emmett HallAugust 1949 Chief Assistant 
Item 29 of 32George Harold Emmett HallOctober 1956 Junior Partner 
Item 30 of 32James Gordon Anderson1973 Partner 
Item 31 of 32George Harold Emmett Hall1978 Senior Partner 
Item 32 of 32John McMillan Walker1980 Partner 

Buildings and Designs

This was involved with the following buildings or structures from the date specified (click on an item to view details):
 Date startedBuilding nameTown, district or villageIslandCity or countyCountryNotes
Item 1 of 145 Fire Brigade HeadquartersHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 2 of 145 St Margaret's ChurchMotherwell LanarkshireScotland 
Item 3 of 1451911Hamilton Municipal Buildings and Public LibraryHamilton LanarkshireScotlandContinued job after competition win in 1903, before practice title changed (municipal offices only built before First World War)
Item 4 of 1451911Rorison Memorial ChurchAshgill LanarkshireScotlandExtension
Item 5 of 145January 1911Blackpool Central Library and Art GalleryBlackpool LancashireEnglandWon in open competition
Item 6 of 145After 1911(?)Co-operative Society premisesHamilton LanarkshireScotlandExtensions (date uncertain: Alex Cullen, Lochhead & Brown if before 1911, but Cullen, Lochhead & Brown if between 1911 and 1914)
Item 7 of 145After 1911(?)County of Lanark SanatoriumStonehouse LanarkshireScotlandExtensions? - probably including 20 additional beds and additions to administration block (date uncertain: Alex Cullen, Lochhead & Brown if before 1911, but Cullen, Lochhead & Brown if between 1911 and 1914)
Item 8 of 145After 1911(?)GordonbankLarkhall LanarkshireScotlandPartnership may not have been involved - depends on date
Item 9 of 145After 1911(?)Shotts Fever HospitalShotts LanarkshireScotlandExtension. Further extensions later - 16 beds with addition to administration block (date uncertain: Alex Cullen, Lochhead & Brown if before 1911, but Cullen, Lochhead & Brown if between 1911 and 1914)
Item 10 of 1451912Tenements, StenhousemuirStenhousemuir StirlingshireScotland 
Item 11 of 1451914Bishopbriggs Police StationBishopbriggs LanarkshireScotland 
Item 12 of 1451914RaheenBearsden GlasgowScotland 
Item 13 of 145Before 1914Workmen's housingMotherwell LanarkshireScotland 
Item 14 of 145Before 1914Workmen's housingCleland LanarkshireScotland 
Item 15 of 145Before 1914Workmen's housing, CraigneukCraigneuk LanarkshireScotland 
Item 16 of 1451915John Hastie MuseumStrathaven LanarkshireScotland 
Item 17 of 1451916Hartwood AsylumShotts LanarkshireScotlandNew reception block built
Item 18 of 1451918ChapeltounDunlop AyrshireScotlandGate lodge
Item 19 of 1451919Local Government Board competition, rural cottage   ScotlandDesign placed second
Item 20 of 1451919Local Government Board competition, various house types   Scotland 
Item 21 of 1451919Station HotelPerth PerthshireScotlandAddition
Item 22 of 145c. 1920County of Berwick Infectious Deseases HospitalGordon BerwickshireScotland 
Item 23 of 1451921Scottish Housing Competition Section 1   ScotlandCommended design
Item 24 of 1451925The RossHamilton LanarkshireScotlandInterior work
Item 25 of 145After 1925Arbroath InfirmaryArbroath AngusScotlandExtensions - 30 beds with accommodation for 26 nurses and maids
Item 26 of 145After 1925County OfficesLanark LanarkshireScotlandReconstruction
Item 27 of 145After 1925Dumbarton Cottage HospitalDumbarton DunbartonshireScotlandNurses' home extensions
Item 28 of 145After 1925Golf Club HouseHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 29 of 145After 1925Golf Club HouseBothwell LanarkshireScotland 
Item 30 of 145After 1925Hartwood AsylumShotts LanarkshireScotlandMale staff hostel
Item 31 of 145After 1925House for Mr R B DickCarluke LanarkshireScotland 
Item 32 of 145After 1925House for Thomas P BlackBusby LanarkshireScotland 
Item 33 of 145After 1925Lion FoundryKirkintilloch DunbartonshireScotlandExtensions
Item 34 of 145After 1925Scottish National Institution for the Training of Imbecile ChildrenLarbert StirlingshireScotlandMale staff hostel
Item 35 of 145After 1925Soap WorksIrvine AyrshireScotland 
Item 36 of 1451926Hartwood AsylumShotts LanarkshireScotlandNurses' home
Item 37 of 1451926HouseBellshill LanarkshireScotland 
Item 38 of 1451927Burgh of Hamilton Maternity HospitalHamilton LanarkshireScotlandExtension - 9 beds
Item 39 of 1451927Clydebridge Motherwell commemoration panel  LanarkshireScotland 
Item 40 of 1451927Hamilton Municipal Buildings and Public LibraryHamilton LanarkshireScotlandTown hall added
Item 41 of 1451927Larkhall Miners' Welfare InstituteLarkhall LanarkshireScotland 
Item 42 of 1451927Police HousingBellshill LanarkshireScotland 
Item 43 of 1451928Braidwood HospitalCarluke LanarkshireScotlandNew hospital incorporating 1920s parts.
Item 44 of 1451928Garden Village at Kirktonfield for the Bleachers' AssociationNeilston RenfrewshireScotland 
Item 45 of 1451928Housing at Linnhouse for Hamilton District CouncilHamilton? LanarkshireScotland 
Item 46 of 1451928Housing at Newfield for Hamilton District CouncilHamilton? LanarkshireScotland 
Item 47 of 1451928Livingstone Memorial United Free ManseBlantyre LanarkshireScotland 
Item 48 of 1451928Lodge St Thomas No 306Larkhall LanarkshireScotland 
Item 49 of 1451928McGeachin's HouseLanark LanarkshireScotland 
Item 50 of 1451928Sports Pavilion for the Bleachers' AssociationNeilston RenfrewshireScotland 
Item 51 of 1451928Sports Pavilion, KirkfieldbankKirkfieldbank LanarkshireScotland 
Item 52 of 1451928Super CinemaHamilton LanarkshireScotlandPlans drawn up
Item 53 of 1451928The Yews housing for Hamilton District CouncilHamilton? LanarkshireScotland 
Item 54 of 1451928Udston House, BurnbankHamilton LanarkshireScotlandExtensions - single-storey ward pavilion, operating theatre and laundry
Item 55 of 1451929Baillieston Police StationBaillieston GlasgowScotland 
Item 56 of 1451929Douglas Police StationDouglas LanarkshireScotland 
Item 57 of 1451929Larkhall Miners' Welfare Institute Sports PavilionLarkhall LanarkshireScotland 
Item 58 of 1451929St Andrews ChurchMotherwell LanarkshireScotlandRepairs due to mineral damage
Item 59 of 1451930Police StationStrathaven LanarkshireScotland 
Item 60 of 145c. 1930County and Burgh of Inverness Infectious Diseases HospitalInverness Inverness-shireScotlandConsulting architects for additional ward blocks
Item 61 of 1451931HouseStrathaven LanarkshireScotland 
Item 62 of 1451931New Stevenston Police StationStevenston LanarkshireScotland 
Item 63 of 1451932Biggar housing schemeBiggar LanarkshireScotland 
Item 64 of 1451932Glebe Housing, west development  LanarkshireScotland 
Item 65 of 1451932Gordon Fever HospitalGordon BerwickshireScotlandWard blocks added?
Item 66 of 1451933ChapeltounDunlop AyrshireScotlandVarious jobs 'at farm'
Item 67 of 1451933Lauder HallStrathaven LanarkshireScotland 
Item 68 of 1451933Wishaw UF ChurchWishaw LanarkshireScotland 
Item 69 of 1451934Hamilton HomeHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 70 of 1451934Housing in Old TownHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 71 of 1451934Shops for T M ArnottStevenston AyrshireScotland 
Item 72 of 1451935Hartwood AsylumShotts LanarkshireScotlandPlans prepared for various new blocks
Item 73 of 1451935Housing at BiggarBiggar LanarkshireScotland 
Item 74 of 145c. 1935Udston House, BurnbankHamilton LanarkshireScotlandExtension - 20 beds
Item 75 of 1451936Douglas Cottage HospitalDouglas LanarkshireScotlandNew wing comprising female ward, maternity unit and theatre
Item 76 of 1451936Hartwood AsylumShotts LanarkshireScotlandMale staff hostel
Item 77 of 1451937Council housingHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 78 of 1451937Council housing at BurnsideHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 79 of 1451937Hamilton Parish Church, memorial panelsHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 80 of 1451938KittochhillBusby LanarkshireScotland 
Item 81 of 1451938Rankin Memorial Maternity and Children's HospitalGreenock RenfrewshireScotland 
Item 82 of 1451939DounansAberfoyle StirlingshireScotland 
Item 83 of 1451939Law HospitalCarluke LanarkshireScotland 
Item 84 of 145c. 1939Five emergency hutted hospitals and two hutted annexes for H M Office of Works   Scotland 
Item 85 of 145c. 1939(?)Greenock and District Combination Hospital, GatesideGreenock RenfrewshireScotlandNew scheme - held up due to outbreak of war
Item 86 of 145c. 1939Scottish National Institution for the Training of Imbecile ChildrenLarbert StirlingshireScotlandScheme for extensions/alterations - held up by outbreak of war
Item 87 of 1451940House near LanarkLanark (near) LanarkshireScotland 
Item 88 of 1451941MenloBothwell LanarkshireScotland 
Item 89 of 1451942Timber housingMotherwell LanarkshireScotland 
Item 90 of 145After 1946Offices for the SSEB (South of Scotland Electricity Board)Hamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 91 of 145After 1946Two factories for Scottish Industrial EstatesCoatbridge LanarkshireScotland 
Item 92 of 145After 194733 kV electricity substationNewarthill LanarkshireScotland 
Item 93 of 145After 194733 kV electricity substationThornliebank RenfrewshireScotland 
Item 94 of 145After 194733 kV electricity substationKillermont GlasgowScotland 
Item 95 of 145After 194733 kV Electricity substation  GlasgowScotland 
Item 96 of 145After 1947Adelphi cotton worksDeanston, Doune PerthshireScotlandReconstruction
Item 97 of 145After 1947Burgh HospitalMotherwell LanarkshireScotlandAlterations and extensions
Item 98 of 145After 1947County of Lanark SanatoriumStonehouse LanarkshireScotlandAlterations and extensions
Item 99 of 145After 1947Electricity Service Centre for SSEB Hamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 100 of 145After 1947Loch Lomond Water Scheme, Daer ReservoirLoch Lomond LanarkshireScotlandActed as consultants
Item 101 of 145After 1947Offices and canteen etcHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 102 of 145After 1947Offices for the SSEB (South of Scotland Electricity Board)Hamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 103 of 145After 1947Scottish National Institution for the Training of Imbecile ChildrenLarbert StirlingshireScotlandNursing block for 60 patients - unclear if this is the extecution of earlier scheme held up by war
Item 104 of 145After 1947Transformer stores, garage, workshopsMotherwell LanarkshireScotland 
Item 105 of 145194864 Houses Maxwell Street and Whitecross Street East Kilbride LanarkshireScotland 
Item 106 of 1451948Housing Development Phase 1 East Kilbride LanarkshireScotland 
Item 107 of 1451948Rankin Memorial Maternity and Children's HospitalGreenock RenfrewshireScotlandExtensions and proposed Nurses' Home
Item 108 of 1451949Agricultural College, Kerswell Museum  LanarkshireScotland 
Item 109 of 1451950The Buck's Head HotelStrathaven LanarkshireScotlandTo prepare plans for alterations and additions
Item 110 of 1451951Housing Scheme, KnockleanBiggar LanarkshireScotland 
Item 111 of 1451951Office Buildings and Storage Block, Glasgow Road  UddingstonScotlandTo prepare plans
Item 112 of 1451951Scheme of Housing, NewrainsNewrains LanarkshireScotland 
Item 113 of 14517 October 1952Knightswood United Free Church, Glasgow  GlasgowScotlandprepared plans for restoration and additions
Item 114 of 1451953Townhead Parish ChurchCoatbridge LanarkshireScotland 
Item 115 of 14513 February 1953Premises of Pullers Ltd, Glasgow (various)  GlasgowScotlandAlterations and additions
Item 116 of 14527 March 1953Offices for Alexandra Transport Co Ltd, Alexandra Parade  GlasgowScotlandNew offices and storage buildings and extensions and alterations
Item 117 of 14510 July 1953Housing and Shepherd's Cottage for Dear Estates Trust, WestercleuchWestercleuch LanarkshireScotlandNew housing and shepherd's cottage
Item 118 of 14516 October 1953Petrol Storage Tanks for Dunn Ltd, UddingstonUddingston LanarkshireScotlandTo prepare plans for new petrol storage tanks
Item 119 of 1454 December 1953Premises of George S MacAulay Ltd, Five Ways StreetNetherburn LanarkshireScotlandPlans to be prepared for new buildings
Item 120 of 1451960sCalderpark Zoological GardensCalderpark GlasgowScotland 
Item 121 of 1451960s(?)County Hall and Sheriff Court Houses and County Police OfficeHamilton LanarkshireScotlandNew building on old site
Item 122 of 1451960sDalziel Co-operative Society Ltd retail storeMotherwell LanarkshireScotland 
Item 123 of 1451960sFactory for R & W ScottCarluke LanarkshireScotland 
Item 124 of 1451960sHousehold Supplies Company Ltd storeHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 125 of 1451960sLanarkshire Ice RinkHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 126 of 1451960sOffices for General AccidentHamilton LanarkshireScotland 
Item 127 of 1451960sOffices for SSEB  GlasgowScotland 
Item 128 of 1451960sRadnor HotelClydebank DunbartonshireScotland 
Item 129 of 1451960sRenfrew District Lunatic AsylumPaisley RenfrewshireScotlandAdditions and alterations?
Item 130 of 1451960sRoyal Scottish National Institution, administration block and other buildings  StirlingshireScotlandAdditions and alterations?
Item 131 of 1451960sStirling District AsylumLarbert StirlingshireScotlandModernisation (?)
Item 132 of 1451960sStobhill HospitalSpringburn GlasgowScotlandAdditions and alterations?
Item 133 of 1451960Municipal CrematoriumCaddlehill, Greenock RenfrewshireScotland 
Item 134 of 1451960Royal Hospital for Sick Children  EdinburghScotlandAdditions to N
Item 135 of 1451968Stobhill Hospital, Clinical Teaching CentreSpringburn GlasgowScotland 
Item 136 of 1451968Stobhill Hospital, theatre suiteSpringburn GlasgowScotland 
Item 137 of 1451969St Gerard RC ChurchBellshill LanarkshireScotland 
Item 138 of 1451970British Steel Mess RoomsAirdrie LanarkshireScotland 
Item 139 of 145Before 1981Castlehill Methodist ChurchWishaw LanarkshireScotland 
Item 140 of 145Before 1981Factory for Gilmour & DeanClydeside Industrial Estate GlasgowScotland 
Item 141 of 145Before 1981Factory for SDA  LanarkshireScotland 
Item 142 of 145Before 1981McDonald HotelGiffnock RenfrewshireScotlandExtension
Item 143 of 145Before 1981Sheltered housingBellshill LanarkshireScotland 
Item 144 of 145Before 1981St Vincent de Paul RC ChurchEast Kilbride LanarkshireScotland 
Item 145 of 145c. 1984St Athanasius RC ChurchCarluke LanarkshireScotlandExtensions

References

Bibliographic References

The following books contain references to this :
 Author(s)DateTitlePartPublisherNotes
Item 1 of 2Bailey, Rebecca M1996Scottish architects' papers: a source book Edinburgh: The Rutland Press 
Item 2 of 2Walker, Frank Arneil1986South Clyde Estuary: An Illustrated Architectural Guide to Inverclyde and Renfrew  p125

Periodical References

The following periodicals contain references to this :
 Periodical NameDateEditionPublisherNotes
Item 1 of 12Builder20 May 1949  p637
Item 2 of 12Builder3 February 1950  p182
Item 3 of 12Builder5 January 1951  p27
Item 4 of 12Builder11 May 1951  p675
Item 5 of 12Builder1 June 1951  p803
Item 6 of 12Builder22 June 1951  p905
Item 7 of 12Builder21 September 1951  p397
Item 8 of 12Builder13 February 1953  p292
Item 9 of 12Builder27 March 1953  p509
Item 10 of 12Builder10 July 1953  p80
Item 11 of 12Builder16 October 1953  p600
Item 12 of 12Builder4 December 1953  p903

Archive References

The following archives hold material relating to this :
 SourceArchive NameSource Catalogue No.Notes
Item 1 of 1Cullen Lochhead & Brown ArchitectsCullen Lochhead and Brown Archive