Basic Biographical Details Name: | George Thomson | Designation: | | Born: | 26 May 1819 | Died: | 14 December 1878 | Bio Notes: | George Thomson was born at Balfron on 26 May 1819, the son of John Thomson and Elizabeth Cooper and a younger brother of Alexander, later known as 'Greek' Thomson. John Thomson was the bookkeeper at Kirkman Finlay's cotton works there and had previously held a similar position at Carron Ironworks. Advancement with both firms was precluded by his strict Burgher beliefs which were shared by his wife: she had come to Balfron with her brother, the Rev John Cooper. The family was educated at home, partly by Cooper, but John Thomson died in 1824 and the family had to move from Balfron to the outskirts of Glasgow. Elizabeth died in 1828, leaving the family in the care of her son William, a brilliant classical scholar who was briefly professor of humanity at the University of Glasgow.
During his youth George suffered from a respiratory complaint which had been thought to be consumption, but he had recovered by the early 1840s when he was articled to John Baird 'Primus', as his brother had been some years before. He may still have been there in 1856 when his brother took him into partnership following the amicable dissolution of his partnership with the unrelated John Baird 'Secundus', unrelated to the elder Baird. The new partnership of A & G Thomson quickly acquired influential contacts, notably the builder John McIntyre. Others were probably made through UP Church contacts.
In 1856-57 Thomson's architecture developed rapidly. The neo-Greek of Rockland achieved a much more sophisticated maturity in the Double Villa at Langside and his finest house, Holmwood at Cathcart. In the same years a more monumental but still asymmetrical Greek idiom was applied to church design at Caledonia Road UP, where both the lower façade and the tower were of Schinkelesque banded masonry. This banded treatment was extended into the adjoining tenement blocks for which he devised a repetitive bay design with pilastered first-floor aedicules and third-floor recesses containing anthemeon ornament. In the following year, 1857, this theme was further developed on a vast scale at Queens Park Terrace in which Thomson adopted his familiar device of linked Egyptian architraves set against a recessed wall plane and omitted the banded masonry. With subtle variations this formula was to remain a feature of his more upmarket tenements for the remainder of his career. The same motifs, now with a top-floor pilastrade, were to feature at Walmer Terrace and the first of his commercial blocks, 99-107 West Nile Street, both built in 1857.
In 1858 Alexander and George Thomson bought the Gordon Street UP Church in which they worshipped in order to build a showpiece warehouse with ground-floor shops - a fairly innovative concept at the time - in which the David Hamilton theme of interpenetrating pilastrades was developed into the same repetition of absolutely regular single-bay units, here much more complex in design, crowned by a deeply shadowed eaves gallery. It did indeed attract commissions for similar structures in which the same themes were further developed with an ever-increasing subtlety in which overlaid and superimposed pilastrades and dwarf eaves gallery colonnades varied the original formula. The Gordon Street development financed the Gordon Street congregation's new church in St Vincent Street, built in 1857-59, which again must have been intended as an advertisement for their services. Stylistically it marked a further advance drawing upon wider areas of antiquity than Caledonia Road, but in the event it attracted only one further church commission, that for Queen's Park Church, built in a similar but externally less ambitious idiom in 1868-69.
Alexander Thomson's widely recognised professional successes in the 1850s were clouded by a series of tragic events at home. In the early years of their marriage Alexander and Jane lived at 3 South Apsley Place in Laurieston. Agnes Elizabeth was born on 24 April 1849, Elizabeth Cooper on 31 January 1851 and Alexander John on 27 November 1852. But Laurieston, although then still a good address, proved vulnerable to the cholera epidemic of 1854 and on 14 March of that year Agnes Elizabeth died. Jane Nicholson, born 8 August 1854, died on 13 February 1855, George born 8 August 1855 survived only until 31 December 1856, and on 3 January 1857 Alexander John died leaving Elizabeth Cooper the only survivor from a family of five. Later in that year the Thomson household moved to Darnley Terrace, a recently completed development he had designed at Shawlands. There on 12 April Amelia was born, followed by Jessie Williamina on 10 April 1858 and the future architect son John on 20 June 1859. In 1861 the Thomsons moved again to Moray Place in Strathbungo, taking the northmost house in a two-storey terrace block built as a speculative venture in association with his measurer John Shields and the builder John McIntyre. Designed in 1859 it was predictably the finest and most original of his earlier terraces, the large end houses being advanced and pedimented with a giant order of pilasters. There Helen was born on 9 July 1861, Catherine Honeyman on 11 February 1863, and Michael Nicholson on 13 October 1864. Peter was born on 19 March 1866, but survived only sixteen days. The size of Alexander Thomson's family seems to have restricted travel. Family holidays were invariably spent in a rented house on Arran. His only recorded trip to London was in 1861 when he visited John James Stevenson, but he may well have made earlier visits. His knowledge of antiquity and of contemporary architecture seems to have been derived from a magnificent library and from the building journals, one of these being the 'British Architect', of which he was one of the founding shareholders in 1874.
In the 1860s the practice was notably prosperous, in large part as a result of the developments undertaken by the accountant Henry Leck, the cab hirer John Ewing Walker and the builder William Henderson who was the client at North Park Terrace (1863-66); 126-138 Sauchiehall Street (1864-66); 249-259 St Vincent Street (1865-67); Grecian Buildings, 252-270 Sauchiehall Street (1868-69); and Great Western Terrace (begun 1869). All of these were built with borrowed money and the practice must have suffered a notable drop in income when Henderson died in May 1870, his property being sequestrated in June. With the practice at a relatively low ebb George Thomson carried out his long-planned intention of becoming a missionary and emigrated to the Cameroons in the Spring of 1871, although he was to remain a partner until 1873.
By 1872 Alexander Thomson was in failing health because of asthma and bronchitis, and it was probably because of illness that in February of that year Henry Leck, hitherto a faithful client, commissioned first John Baird and then Peddie & Kinnear to design his building on Gordon Street, replacing an earlier Thomson scheme for a different site which had been stalled by the Caledonian Railway's proposals for Glasgow Central Station. In February 1874 Thomson took Robert Turnbull into a partnership which was backdated to October 1873, probably on account of services rendered since that date. Born in 1839, Turnbull was the son of William Turnbull, joiner and his wife Mary Deans and was more inspector of works than architect, engaged for the 'outdoor' side of the business as correspondence with the Thomson trustees in July 1876 makes clear. But through the family joinery business he did bring new clients in the Lenzie area, for which earlier Thomson villa designs were either reused or adapted. The immediate catalyst for this partnership may have been Thomson's commitment to the Haldane lectures, a series of four delivered in the Spring of 1874. These were a final statement of ideas developed in earlier lectures delivered from 1853 onwards, most of them to the Glasgow Architectural Society and the Glasgow Institute of Architects. These he had co-founded in 1858 and 1868 respectively: he was President of both, the Society in 1861 and the Institute from 1870 to 1872.
In August 1874 Thomson wrote to his brother that 'Mr Turnbull and I are getting on pretty well we are busy with a number of smallish jobs'. But in the winter of 1874-75 his asthma and bronchitis deteriorated and his decision to winter in Italy to regain his health had been left too late. Thereafter he worked mainly at Moray Place and at the time of his death on 22 March 1875 he had been working on a competition design for a town hall. This may have been for Paisley or for Annan, or more probably both: the Annan design is preserved in a relatively coarse presentation perspective made after his death.
Alexander was buried in the Southern Necropolis. George came back from the Cameroons to help settle his affairs and marry Isabella Johnston, who returned with him to the Cameroons to help run the missionary hospital he had designed and built in 1874. He died of a fever at Victoria on 14 December 1878. | Private and Business AddressesThe following private or business addresses are associated with this : | | Address | Type | Date from | Date to | Notes | | Helensburgh, Dunbartonshire, Scotland | Business | | Before 1874 | | | 4, Bothwell Street, Glasgow, Scotland | Business | 1857 | 1860 | | | 68, Gordon Street, Glasgow, Scotland | Business | 1860 | 1861 | | | 183, West George Street, Glasgow, Scotland | Business | 1861 | 1872 | | | 194, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, Scotland | Private | 1862 | | | | 107, West Regent Street, Glasgow, Scotland | Business | 1872 | 1873 | | | 122, Wellington Street, Glasgow, Scotland | Business | 1873 | 1873 | |
Employment and TrainingEmployers
Buildings and DesignsThis was involved with the following buildings or structures from the date specified (click on an item to view details): | | Date started | Building name | Town, district or village | Island | City or county | Country | Notes | | 1856 | Caledonia Road UP Church | Hutchesontown | | Glasgow | Scotland | Completed church | | c. 1856 | Queen's Park Terrace | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1857(?) | Design for a Picturesque Villa | | | | | | | 1857 | Garnkirk Warehouse | | | Glasgow | Scotland | New shop front and possibly interior--now destroyed | | 1857 | Holmwood House | Cathcart | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1857 | Maria Villa, Langside Hill | Langside | | Glasgow | Scotland | Begun by Baird & Thomson; finished by A & G Thomson | | 1857 | St Vincent Street UP Church | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1857 | Tenements on Turriff Street and Eglinton Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1857 | Tenements, 1-18 Walmer Crescent | Cessnock | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1858 | A & G Thomson's Warehouse | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Original building | | 1858 | Office Building with Shops, 99-107 West Nile Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1858 | Tenements on Pollok Street, Houston Street and Watt Street | Kingston | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented | | 1858 | Tenements on St George's Road and Shamrock Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented and uncertain | | c. 1858 | Glasgow Necropolis, Steel Monument | Dennistoun | | Glasgow | Scotland | Undocumented--attribution by Worsdall | | c. 1858 | St Mary's Free Church and Manse | | | Edinburgh | Scotland | Unexecuted competition design | | c. 1858 | Tenements, 211 Eglinton Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1858 | UP Church and Manse | Holm of Balfron | | Stirlingshire | Scotland | 1858 plans were unexecuted, but possibly modified for executed church | | c. 1858 | UP Manse | Balfron | | Stirlingshire | Scotland | | | 1859 | 156 West George Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Adaption of lodging house as offices, probably unexecuted | | 1859 | Chalmers Memorial Free Church | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1859(?) | Manchester Assize Courts | | | Manchester | England | Possibly submitted competition design - unplaced | | 1859 | Sir Robert Peel Statue | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Plinth | | 1859 | Tenements, West Bank Terrace | Hillhead | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented and uncertain | | c. 1859 | Sighthill Cemetery, Provan Monument | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1859 | Terrace of houses, 1-10 Moray Place | Strathbungo | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1860s(?) | Baron's Point Villa | Cove | | Dunbartonshire | Scotland | Attribution undocumented but probable | | 1860 | Cairney Building | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1860 | Tenement with Shops, 26-44 Nithsdale Street | Gorbals Cross | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented by likely | | c. 1860 | Baron's Hall | Cove | | Dunbartonshire | Scotland | Attribution undocumented but probable | | c. 1860 | Ferndean Villa | Cove | | Dunbartonshire | Scotland | House and additions- undocumented but probable | | c. 1860 | Regent Park Feuing Plan | Strathbungo | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented but probable | | c. 1860 | Tenement, 590-612 Eglinton Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1860 | Tenements and Shops on Crown Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented and unclear | | c. 1861 | 183 West George Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Reconstruction: attribution on stylistic grounds | | 1862 | Albert Memorial | Kensington | | London | England | Unevecuted design | | 1862 | James Lumsden Statue | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Possibly designed plinth | | 1862 | North Park Feuing Plan | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1862 | Warehouse, 135-137 Argyle Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Additions | | After 1862(?) | Grafton Lodge | Cove | | Dunbartonshire | Scotland | Attribution undocumented but probable | | c. 1862 | Eton Terrace | Hillhead | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1863 | 1-9 Northpark Terrace | Hillhead | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1863 | Buck's Head Buildings | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1863 | Ferndean Villa | Cove | | Dunbartonshire | Scotland | Gates and boundary wall | | 1863 | Lilybank House | Hillhead | | Glasgow | Scotland | Incorporating house of c.1850 | | 1863 | Offices, 160 West George Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Additions | | c. 1863 | Strang Monument | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Undocumented--attribution by Worsdall | | 1864 | A & G Thomson's Warehouse | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Rebuilt to original design after fire | | 1864 | Block of Tenements with Shops, 126-138 Sauchiehall Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1864 | Headstone for Family of Reverend James Thomson | Balfron | | Stirlingshire | Scotland | | | 1864 | Langside Academy | Langside | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1864 | Natural History Museum | South Kensington | | London | England | Unsuccessful competition design | | 1864 | Terrace of houses, 11-17 Moray Place | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented and uncertain | | 1864 | Warehouse and Shops, 3-11 Dunlop Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1864 | Sunny Oaks | Langbank | | Renfrewshire | Scotland | New art gallery or music room and lodge: attribution undocumented but APSD refers to Langbank | | 1865 | Block of Tenements on Scotland Street, Sleads Street and Stanley Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented | | 1865 | Tenements with Shops, 249-259 St Vincent Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1865 | Holmwood House | Cathcart | | Glasgow | Scotland | Gardener's cottage and main gates | | 1867 | 1-11 Great Western Terrace | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Began terrace | | 1867 | Grecian Buildings | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1867 | McIntyre Monument, Cathcart Old Parish Cemetery | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1867 | St Vincent Street UP Church | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Hall completed | | c. 1867 | Glasgow Necropolis, Beattie Monument | Dennistoun | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1867 | Glasgow Necropolis, Rev George Marshall Middleton Monument | Dennistoun | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1868 | Queen's Park UP Church and Hall | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1868 | Tenements with Glass Roofed Streets | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Unexecuted ideal scheme | | 1868 | Waverley Terrace | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Started tenement | | c. 1868 | Glasgow Necropolis, Inglis Monument | Dennistoun | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented but probable | | 1869 | Blackie & Son Printing Works | | | Glasgow | Scotland | South part of main block - now demolished | | 1870 | Couper Monument, Cathcart Old Parish Cemetery | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution now undocumented and unclear, but likely | | 1870 | Egyptian Halls | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1870 | Loch Katrine Monument | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Unexecuted competition design | | 1870 | National Bank of Scotland, Argyle Street Branch | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Alterations to shop to form bank with new ground-floor frontage | | 1870 | Westbourne Terrace | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Started terrace | | c. 1870 | Tenement, 278-282 Cumberland Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented but probable | | c. 1870 | Tenements on Pleasance Street | Shawlands | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented and uncertain | | c. 1870 | Tenements, 303-321 Maryhill Road | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented but probable | | c. 1870 | Terrace of Houses, 680-701 Great Western Road | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Started terrace--Attribution undocumented but probable | | c. 1870 | Villa, 7 Dirleton Avenue | Shawlands | | Glasgow | Scotland | Undocumented attribution by McFazdean on stylistic grounds | | 1871 | Chalmers Memorial Free Church | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Addition of hall | | 1871 | Glasgow Necropolis, Malloch/Blyth Monument | Dennistoun | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented and uncertain | | 1871 | Glenbank Terrace | Lenzie | | Dunbartonshire/Lanarkshire | Scotland | Feued by Murdoch & Rodger, writers, who specified Thomson as architect: developed by Robert Turnbull; retained 4 houses in Glenbank Terrace | | 1871 | Mission Hall for Missionary Association of the Caledonia Road Church | Hutchesontown | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented and uncertain | | 1871 | Royal Insurance Buildings | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Alterations to street front, estimated to cost £700 | | 1871 | Sighthill Cemetery, Muir Monument | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1871 | Block of Tenements with Shops, 126-138 Sauchiehall Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Conversion to hotel | | c. 1871 | Castlehill | Pollokshields | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1871 | Ellisland | Pollokshields | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1871 | Tenements on Lorne Terrace | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1872 | Cowcaddens Cross Buildings | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1872 | Design for terrace of houses | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1872 | Double Villa on Albert Road and Lethington Avenue | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented and uncertain | | 1872 | Double Villa on Camphill Avenue | Langside | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1872 | House, 105-107 West Regent Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Extension and alterations for commercial use | | 1872 | Royal Horse Bazaar | Hillhead | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | 1872 | Scottish Exhibition Rooms | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Conversion to coach house and stables | | 1872 | The Sixty Steps | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Some sources claim the steps and adjacent wall were designed by Greek Thomson. However more recent research inidcates that this is not the case and that the scheme was part of the larger engineering undertaking (with Queen Margaret Bridge) for John Ewing Walker. | | c. 1872 | Egyptian Halls | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Six cast-iron lamp standards, cast by the saracen Foundry of Walter Macfarlane & Co, Glasgow - since removed | | c. 1872 | Tenements on Govan Road and Carmichael Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Attribution undocumented but probable | | 1873 | Chalmers Memorial Free Church | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Church enlarged | | 1873 | Tenement with Shops on King Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | Before 1873 | Customs House | | | Glasgow | Scotland | Internal alterations | | c. 1873 | Shore Road Bridge over Dowall Burn | Cove | | Dunbartonshire | Scotland | | | 1875 | Dunblane Hydropathic Institution | Dunblane | | Perthshire | Scotland | Design only - not built; consulted after cost of original Peddie & Kinnear scheme exceeded capital of company | | 1875 | Offices, Ingram Street | | | Glasgow | Scotland | | | c. 1875(?) | Warwick Croft and villa at 43 Alexandra Road | Lenzie | | Dunbartonshire | Scotland | HS attribution |
ReferencesBibliographic ReferencesThe following books contain references to this : | | Author(s) | Date | Title | Part | Publisher | Notes | | Scotlands People Website | | Wills & Testaments | | | Edinburgh Sheriff Court Wills Sc70/4/182 and Inventories Sc70/1/198 | | Stamp, Gavin (ed) | 1999 | The Light of Truth and Beauty: The Lectures of Alexander 'Greek' Thomson, Architect, 1817-75 | | | | | Stamp, Gavin and McKinstry, eds | 1994 | 'Greek' Thomson | | Edinburgh University Press, 1994 | | | Thomson, John Ebeneezer Honeyman | 1881 | Memoir of George Thomson, Cameroon mountains | | Edinburgh (in NLS XX.6/3) | |
Periodical ReferencesThe following periodicals contain references to this : | | Periodical Name | Date | Edition | Publisher | Notes | | Glasgow Herald | February 1879 | | | Death notice |
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