Basic Biographical Details

Name:	Clifford & Lunan
Designation:
Born:	1909
Died:	December 1923
Bio Notes:	Henry (Harry) Edward Clifford was born at North Naparama, Trinidad, on 12 September 1852, the second son and fourth child of F Henry Clifford, a sugar planter, and his wife Rebecca Anderson, the daughter of John Anderson, a wool carder with a lint mill between Campbeltown and Machrihanish. In 1859 Clifford's father died of a stroke and his mother, then thirty-five, brought her two sons and two daughters to Glasgow where she made a living as a needlewoman. In October 1867 Clifford was articled to John Burnet Senior for five years and remained a further five as draughtsman; he may previously have been the office boy, as the recollections of Clifford's son state that he joined the office at the age of thirteen. He left to commence practice on his own account first at 113 West Regent Street and then at 196 St Vincent Street, having won £100 in a newspaper competition for a workman's cottage. In his earliest years of independent practice (1878 to 1880) he studied at Glasgow School of Art where he won the Queen's Prize for a dining room wall and the Haldane Prize both in 1879. By 1884 his practice, hitherto supplemented by teaching at Glasgow School of Art, had begun to pick up and he took rooms at 140 Bath Street, apparently within the office of John Honeyman whose practice was then in decline. This arrangement, which may have been with a view to a partnership, ended in 1885 when he formed a partnership with Burnet's nephew and former assistant William Landless under the style of Landless & Clifford at 227 West George Street, but in the difficult conditions of the mid-1880s Landless (who was said to have a drink problem) abandoned private practice in July 1887 to become architect to Leeds School Board. Thereafter Clifford practised on his own account from several addresses in St Vincent Street, much of the business being around Campbeltown. His home address between 1877 and throughout the 1880s was his mother and sisters' school in Pollokshields, first at 13 (now 167) Nithsdale Road, Pollokshields, and later at 12 Moray Place. In the early 1890s he built himself a weekend house, Redclyffe at Troon, but continued to live with his mother and sisters during the week. In the mid-1890s he appears to have considered moving his practice to England as in 1894 he joined the Society of Architects and had an address at Trismore Lodge, Alexandra Road, Watford. Nothing is known of his English practice at that time. It was probably not extensive. On 7 December 1904 at the age of 52, Clifford married 29-year-old Alice Gibson, daughter of William Gibson, physician and surgeon at Campbeltown in the Longrow Free Church there, one of the witnesses being the Ayr architect James Kennedy Hunter. Their honeymoon was spent in Cannes. In the earlier years of their marriage the Cliffords continued to live with Clifford's mother and sisters during the week, their only child William Henry Morton Clifford being born at Kirkland, Campbeltown on 30 July 1909, but two years later they built a new house in Elphinstone Road, Whitecraigs, where Clifford had already built several houses. It was named Woodbrook after the Trinidad estate. Clifford achieved national fame in 1901 by winning the Glasgow Royal Infirmary competition but following a difference of opinion between the directors and their assessor Rowand Anderson, the commission was given to James Miller, Clifford securing appointment to the Royal Victoria Infirmary as consolation prize in 1902. His domestic work achieved a European reputation with the publication of Stoneleigh in Das Englische Haus in 1904-5 and on 11 June 1906 he was elected FRIBA, his proposers being James Miller, John James Burnet, David Barclay and C J MacLean. In 1909 he took into partnership his principal assistant Thomas Melville Lunan, who also had good connections in the golfing world. Born in 1878, Lunan had been articled to James Miller from 1896 to 1901, and had studied at the Glasgow School of Art before moving to Watson & Salmond, a partnership with adjacent offices to Clifford's at 225 St Vincent Street and with whom he shared staff on the basis of need. Lunan was a good architect of the Miller school and the Clifford & Lunan partnership was initially very successful, winning the competition assessed by Burnet for the new City Hall at Perth in the first year of its existence. However, Lunan was seriously affected by his experiences in the Great War and returned demoralised and unable to work, obliging Clifford to buy out his partnership. Lunan then moved to Leeds 'where he married a good wife who restored his morale', enabling him to successfully recommence practice there. Clifford continued thereafter on his own until his retirement on medical advice in December 1923. His practice was absorbed by that of Watson & Salmond. John Watson II, who knew Clifford well in his later years, described him as tall and good-looking but rather shy and retiring; his son's memoir, however, suggests a more assertive personality. He took no active part in public affairs and his business was founded solely on their professional merit coupled with family, golfing, sailing and cricketing connections. Except for Pollokshields Burgh Hall, which has affinities with the Scots Renaissance of Burnet Son & Campbell, his work tended to be essentially English rather than Scottish in inspiration from c.1890. His churches and houses were consistently in a robust 15th-century and early-16th-century manner, Cathcart Parish Church designed in 1914 differing little in style from his work of twenty years earlier. At the turn of the century his public and commercial buildings were stylistically more adventurous with modern movement characteristics most notably at the very fine Aird and Coghill printing works of 1901 and in the design for the Glasgow Royal Infirmary but by 1909 he had adopted a more conventional but very competent Edwardian Renaissance manner, influenced by his admiration for the work of Richard Norman Shaw.

Private and Business Addresses

The following private or business addresses are associated with this :
	Address	Type	Date from	Date to	Notes
	225, St Vincent Street, Glasgow, Scotland	Business	1909	Before 1920
	209, St Vincent Street, Glasgow, Scotland	Business	1920 *

* earliest date known from documented sources.

Employment and Training

Employees or Pupils

The following individuals were employed or trained by this (click on an item to view details):
	Name	Date from	Date to	Position	Notes
	Allan J Lawrie	1909		Draughtsman
	James Maclaren Honeyman	1909	October 1912	Apprentice
	Henry Edward Clifford	1909	1923	Partner
	Thomas Melville Lunan	1909	1923	Partner
	James Maclaren Honeyman	October 1912	1913(?)	Assistant	Spare-time only
	Charles Findlater Reid	1 June 1913	30 July 1915	Apprentice
	Charles Findlater Reid	1 November 1919	1923	Apprentice
	James Bunyan	1923	1923	Apprentice	Under Henry Edward Clifford

Buildings and Designs

This was involved with the following buildings or structures from the date specified (click on an item to view details):
	Date started	Building name	Town, district or village	Island	City or county	Country	Notes
	1907 or 1908	Perth Town Hall	Perth		Perthshire	Scotland	Won competition and secured job
	1908	Shennanton House	Kirkcowan		Wigtownshire	Scotland
	1909	Hyndland Public School			Glasgow	Scotland	Won competition to secure job
	1910	Cairn o'Mount			Glasgow	Scotland
	1910	Glasgow School Board Offices			Glasgow	Scotland
	1910(?)	Usher Hall			Edinburgh	Scotland	Second premiated competition design - unclear whether by Clifford alone, or with Lunan
	1911	Kilmaronock UF Church	Gartocharn		Dunbartonshire	Scotland
	1911	Villa, Mayfield Road and Esslemont Road			Edinburgh	Scotland
	c. 1911	Offices, Argyle Street			Glasgow	Scotland
	1912	Dewar's bonded warehouse	Perth		Perthshire	Scotland
	1912	Manse	Rutherglen		Lanarkshire	Scotland
	1912	Masonic Lodge	Campbeltown		Argyll	Scotland
	c. 1912	Glenholm	Troon		Ayrshire	Scotland
	1913	Arden	Helensburgh		Dunbartonshire	Scotland	Unspecified work
	1913	Printing offices			Glasgow	Scotland
	1913	Victoria Infirmary, Clinical Research Laboratory	Langside		Glasgow	Scotland
	1914	Campbeltown Cottage Hospital	Campbeltown		Argyll	Scotland	North wing, operating and X-Ray room added
	1914	Cathcart Established Church and manse			Glasgow	Scotland	Building interrupted by war. Restarted in 1923
	1914	Cork warehouse			Glasgow	Scotland
	1914	Portland Established Church and Halls	Troon		Ayrshire	Scotland
	1915	Colston Wellpark Church			Glasgow	Scotland
	1916	Chapelpark, Ewenfield Road	Ayr		Ayrshire	Scotland
	1919	Cour House and estate buildings			Argyll	Scotland	Commenced job - house and farm manager's house
	c. 1920	Balinakill House	Clachan, North Kintyre		Argyll	Scotland	Alterations/additions?
	c. 1920	Council houses	Campbeltown		Argyll	Scotland
	c. 1920	East Renfrewshire Golf Club			Renfrewshire	Scotland
	1922	Victoria Infirmary, Mortuary	Langside		Glasgow	Scotland
	1923(?)	Campbeltown War Memorial	Campbeltown		Argyll	Scotland	Clifford responsible, according to his son's memoir
	1923	Chapel Park	Ayr		Ayrshire	Scotland

References

Bibliographic References

The following books contain references to this :
	Author(s)	Date	Title	Part	Publisher	Notes
	Clifford, William Henry Morton	1986	Recollections about my father		Typescript, per Iain D Paterson, in DMW archive
	Murray, Ian (parts written by John Watson Junior)		The Victoria Infirmary of Glasgow 1890-1938
	Paterson, Ian and Ogilvie, Sheila M		Notes on H E Clifford		Not published

Periodical References

The following periodicals contain references to this :
	Periodical Name	Date	Edition	Publisher	Notes
	Glasgow Herald	17 October 1932
	RIAS Quarterly	1933	42	Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (RIAS)	p33

Archive References

The following archives hold material relating to this :
	Source	Archive Name	Source Catalogue No.	Notes
	Professor David M Walker personal archive	Professor David M Walker, notes and collection of archive material		Information from John Watson and Alfred G Lochhead